Anonymity on the Web Complete GUIDE

Anonymity on the web

Nowadays, everyone wants privacy on the web, because no matter where you go, someone could be watching you. Someone like your employer, someone trying to hack your system, companies gathering all your info to sell to yet other companies, or even the government, maybe on your track while you peacefully surf the web. Thus, anonymity on the web means being able to use all of its services with no concern about someone snooping on your data.

Your computer is connected to the net and has an IP [Internet Protocol] address. If you have a dial-up connection, then your IP changes every time you connect to the internet (this is not always true, though. There are dial-up isps, especially for university students, that do have static IPs). Cable modems and DSL connections have a static IP, which means that the IP address does not change.

One of the goals of getting anonymous is to make sure your IP, either static or dynamic) isn’t revealed to other users of the internet, or to server administrators of the servers you roam around when using internet services.
This text tries to give you some hints on how to maintain your anonymity on the web. Some of the hints may sound banal but think of if you really abide them in every situation.

When chatting on IRC, ICQ, AIM (etc..), do not give out personal information about yourself, where you live, work, etc.
Do not use your primary email address (the one your ISP gave you) anywhere except for family members, close friends, or trusted people. Instead create for yourself a web-based email account such as Yahoo, Hotmail, dynamic email, mail.com, etc., and use this e-mail address to sign up for services, when in the need to give your mail to download something, or to publish on your homepage.

When signing up for services on the web, don’t give your real information like address, phone number, and such unless you really need to do so. This is the kind of information that information gathering companies like to get so that they can sell out and fill your mailbox with spam.

Use an anonymous proxy to surf the web. This makes sure your IP doesn’t get stored on the web server logs. (Web servers log every GET request made, together with the date, hour, and IP. This is where the proxy comes in. They get the IP from the proxy, not yours)
Use a bouncer to connect to IRC networks, in case you don’t trust the administrators or the other users. A bouncer is a program that sits on a permanently connected machine that allows you to connect there, and from there to the IRC server, just like a proxy works for webservers.

Use anonymous remailers to send out your e-mails.
Cryptography can also help you by making sure the material you send out on the web, like by email, etc, is cyphered, not allowing anyone that doesn’t have your key to read it (in key-based cryptography). Programs like PGP (pretty good privacy) are toolkits with all you need to cipher and uncypher your stuff.

Delete traces of your work with the computer including history files, cache, or backup files.
Proxies are caches that relay data. When you configure your web browser to use a proxy, it never connects to the URL. Instead, it always connects to the proxy server and asks it to get the URL for you. It works similarly with other types of services such as IRC, ICQ, etc. There won’t be a direct connection between you and the server,

so your real IP address won’t be revealed to the server. When you view a website on the server, the server won’t see your IP. Some web proxies do not support forwarding of the cookies whose support is required by some of the websites (for ex. Hotmail).
Here are some anonymous proxies that you can use to surf anonymously (notice that some of these may be a paid service):

You’ll highly probably find many websites that provide lists of unauthorized proxies and remailers. Such lists are being compiled usually with the help of port scanners or exploit scanners, scanning for computers with Wingate or other proxies’ backdoors. Using these proxies is illegal, and is being considered unauthorized access to computers. If you get such a list to your hands, check if the info is legal or compiled by a script kiddie, and act accordingly.

If you anyhow decide not to use a proxy, at least do not forget to remove your personal information from your browser. After you remove details like your name and e-mail address from your browser, the only info a Web site can sniff out is your ISP’s address and geographical location. Also, Java and JavaScript applets can take control of your browser unexpectedly, and if you are surfing to unknown and potentially dangerous places you should be aware of that. There are exploitable browser bugs (mainly Internet explorer ones) reported every week.

Maybe you’re not aware of the fact that if you have the “allow cookies” feature in your browser on, websites can store all sorts of information on your hard drive. Cookies are small files that contain various kinds of information that can be read bt websites when you visit them. The usual usage is to track demographics for advertising agencies that want to see just what kinds of consumers a certain site is attracting. Web sites also use cookies to keep your account information up-to-date. Then for instance when you visit your e-mail web-based account without being unlogged some hours later,

you find yourself being logged on, even if you turn off your computer. Your login and password were simply stored on your hard drive in the cookie file. This is a security threat, in case there are more persons who have the access to your computer.
Most browsers offer the possibility to turn off the cookies, but some the sites like Hotmail.com require them to be turned on. In case you decided to allow cookies, at least never forget to log off from the websites when you’re finishing visiting them.

When using an FTP client program to download files, assure yourself, that it’s giving a bogus password, like [email protected], not your real one. If your browser lets you, turn off the feature that sends your e-mail address as a password for anonymous FTP sessions.

Everything being sent from the web server to your browser is usually in plain text format. That means all transferred information can be easily sniffed along the route. Some of the web servers support SSL (which stands for Secure Socket Layer). To view and use these websites you’ll need SSL support in your browser as well. You recognize, that the connection is encrypted if the URL starts with HTTP:// instead of the usual http://. Never use a web server without SSL for sending or receiving sensitive private or business information (credit card numbers, passwords, etc.)

SSL stands for Secure Socket Layer. The?Secure? implies encryption, while Socket Layer denotes an addition to the Window Socket system, Winsock. For those that don’t know, a Socket is an attachment to a port on a system. You can have many sockets on one port, providing they are non-blocking (allowing control to pass through to another socket-aware application that wishes to connect to that port).

A Secure Socket Layer means that any sockets under it, are both secure and safe. The idea behind SSL was to provide an encrypted, and thus, secure route for traffic along with a socket-based system, such as TCP/IP (the internet protocol). Doing this allows security in credit card transactions on the Internet, encrypted and protected communiqué along a data line, and overall peace of mind.

The SSL uses an encryption standard developed by RSA. RSA is a world-respected American organization that specializes in encryption and data security. Initially, they developed a cipher length of only 40 bits, for use with the Secure Socket Layer, this was considered weak, and therefore a longer much more complicated encryption cipher was created, 128 bits. The reasoning behind it was simple: it needs to be secure.

The RSA site puts the advantage of a longer encryption length pretty clearly: because 40-bit encryption is considered to be relatively weak. 128-bits is about 309 septillion times ( 309,485,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 ) larger than 40-bits. This would mean it would take that many times longer to crack or break 128-bit encryption than it would 40-bit.
If you want more information on the technicalities or RSA’s SSL encryption engine, visit their site: http://www.rsasecurity.com/standards/ssl.

Anonymity on the web anonymity on the web

But what does all this encryption and security have to do with you?
Well, that’s a simple question. No matter how hard you try, at times your privacy will need to be knowingly invaded so you can make use of the product offered for doing so. If you think about food, for example, one cannot eat without swallowing. When we wish to make a transaction or view a site on the internet, where we have to give enough information away so that it happens, we also want to be assured no one else along the line gathers that data.

An encrypted session would mean our data is not at the hands of any privacy perpetrators unless they knew how to decode it ? and the only ones in the know, are those you specifically wish. SSL uses public-key encryption as explained in the PGP section.

To put this at a head: if you use an encrypted connection or session, you can be relatively assured that there are no prying eyes along the way.
And how do I implement SSL with SSL Tunnelling?
We know that a Secure Socket Layer is safe, but what we don’t know is what a Tunnel is. In the most simplistic form, a tunnel is a proxy. Like proxy voting in general elections, a tunnel will relay your data back and forth for you. You may be aware though, that there are already? proxies? out there, and yes, that is true. Tunneling is done via proxies, but it is not considered to be the same as a standard proxy relaying simply because it is not.

Tunneling is a very special kind of proxy relay, in that it can, and does relay data without interfering. It does this transparently and without grievance or any care for what is passing its way.
Now, if we add this ability to the? tunnel? data, any data, in a pipe, to the Secure Sockets Layer, we have a closed connection that is independent of the software carrying it; and something that is also encrypted.

For those of you wanting to know a little more about the technicalities, the SSL layer is also classless in the sense it does not interfere with the data passed back and forth? after all, it is encrypted and impossible to tamper with. Does that attribute mean an SSL-capable proxy is able to transfer data out of it? proxied? connection to the destination required.

So to sum up, we have both a secure connection that does the job and relays things in the right direction; and we have a direct tunnel that doesn’t care what we pass through it. Two very useful, and almost blind entities. All we need now is a secure proxy that we can use as the tunnel.
Proxies:

Secure proxies are alike standard proxies. We can either use an HTTP base SSL equipped proxy – one specifically designed for security HTTP traffic, but because of the ignorant nature of SSL communication, it can be bent to any needs? or we can use a proper SSL service designed for our connection? like you would use a secure NNTP (news) program with a secure proxy on port 563 instead of taking our long way – which would probably work as well.

A secure HTTP proxy operates on port 443. Host proxies are not public, which means they operate for

and allow only traffic from their subnet or the ISP that operates them? but, there are many badly configured

HTTP proxies and some public ones out there. The use of a program called HTTrack (available on New order) will aid you in scanning and searching for proxies on your network or anywhere on the Internet if your ISP does not provide you with one.
The new order also features a number of sites dedicated to listing public proxies in the Anonymity section. While it’s often hard to find a suitable fast proxy, it’s worth the effort when you get one.

So how can I secure my connections with SSL Tunnelling?
That’s a big question, and beyond the scope of this tuition as it must come to an end. I can, however, point you in the right direction of two resources that will aid you in tunneling both IRC and most other connections via an HTTP proxy.
For Windows, the first stop would be http://www.totalrc.net?s Socks2HTTP. This is an SSL tunneling program that turns a normal socks proxy connection into a tunneled SSL connection.

A BNC, or a Bouncer – is used in conjunction with IRC as a way of hiding your host when people /whois

you. On most IRC networks, your host isn’t masked when you whois, meaning the entire IP appears, like 194.2.0.21, which can be

resolved. On other networks, your host might be masked, like IRC network-0.1 but it can still give valuable information, like nationality if your host is not an IP, but a DNS resolved host, like my.host.cn would be masked to IRC network-host.cn but this would still tell the person who whoised you, that you are from China.

To keep information such as this hidden from the other users on an IRC network, many people use a Bouncer, which is actually just a Proxy. Let us first draw a schematic of how a normal connection would look, with and without a BNC installed.

You will notice the difference between the two. When you have a BNC installed, a shell functions as a link between you and the IRC server (irc.box.sk as an example). You install a BNC on a shell and set a port for it to listen for connections on. You then login to the shell with your IRC client, BitchX/Xchat/mIRC, and then it will log in to the IRC server you specify – irc.box.sk in this case. In effect, this changes your host, in that it is my.shell.com that makes all the requests to irc.box.sk, and irc.box.sk doesn’t know if your.host.cn, it has never even made contact with it.

.
In that way, depending on what host your shell has, you can log in to IRC with a host like i.rule.com,

these vhosts are then actually just an alias for your own machine, your.host.cn, and it is all completely transparent to the IRC server.
Many servers have sock bots that check for socket connections. These aren’t BNC connections, and BNC cannot be tested using a simple bot, unless your shell has a socket port open (normally 1080) it will let you

in with no problem at all, the shell is not acting as a proxy as you would expect, but more as a simple IRC proxy, or an IRC router. In one way, the BNC just changes the packet and sends it on, like:

to: my.shell.com -> to: irc.box.sk -> to: my.shell.com from: your.host.cn <- from: my.shell.com <- from: irc.box.sk
The BNC simply swaps the host of your packet, saying it comes from my.shell.com. But also be aware, that your own machine is perfectly aware that it has a connection established with my.shell.com,

and that YOU know that you are connected to irc.box.sk. Some BNCs are used in IRC networks, to simulate

one host. If you had a global IRC network, all linked together, you could have a local server called: cn.myircnetwork.com

which Chinese users would log into. It would then Bounce them to the actual network server, in

effect making all users from china have the same host – cn.myircnetwork.com, masking their hosts.

Of course, you could change the host too – so it didn’t reveal the nationality, but it is a nice gesture

of some networks, that they mask all hosts from everyone, but it makes life hard for IRCops on the

network – but it’s a small price to pay for privacy.
Note: Even if you do use IRC bouncer, within DCC transfers or chat, your IP will be revealed, because DCC

requires direct IP to IP connection. The usual mistake of IRC users is to have DCC auto-reply turned on. For an attacker

is then easy to DCC chat with you or offer you a file, and when IRC clients are connected, he can find out your IP address in the list of his TCP/IP connections (netstat).

How do I get IRC bouncer?

download and install bouncer software, or get someone to install it for you (probably the most known and best bouncer available is BNC, homepage :
configure and start the software – in case it’s a bouncer a Unix machine, you start it on your shell account (let’s say shell.somewhere.com)

you open IRC and connect to the bouncer at shell.somewhere.com on the port you told it to start on.
depending on the setup, you may have to tell it your password and tell it where to connect,

and you’re now on irc as shell.somewhere.com instead of your regular hostname
[ mail crypto ]

Usually, the safest way to ensure that your e-mail won’t be read by unauthorized persons is to encrypt them. To be compatible with the rest of the world I’d suggest using free PGP software.

How does PGP work? – Anonymity on the Web

The whole idea behind PGP is that of Public and Private keys. To explain the algorithm PGP uses in order to encrypt the message would take too much time, and is beyond

the scope of this, we will however look at how it ensures the integrity of the document. A user has a password, this password has to be chosen correctly,

so don’t choose passwords like “pop” or “iloveyou”, this will make an attack more likely to succeed. The password is used to create a private key, and a public key – the algorithm ensures that you can not use

the public key to make the private key. The public key is sent to a server, or to the people you send

e-mails/files to, and you keep the private key secret.

We will use a few terms and people in this introduction, they are Pk – Public Key, Sk – Secret Key (private key). Adam will send an e-mail to Eve, and Rita will be a person in between, who we are trying to hide the content of the mail.

Rita will intercept the email (PGP doesn’t ensure that Rita cant get her hands on the package, she can – it’s not a

secure line like other technologies) and try to read it/modify it. Adam has an Sk1 and a Pk1, and Eve has an Sk2 and a Pk2. Both Adam, Eve, and Rita have Pk1 and Pk2, but Sk1 and Sk2 are presumed to be totally secret. First, here is a schematic of how it all looks:
PUBLIC SERVER
Pk1, Pk2

So Adam wants to send a packet to Eve, without Rite reading it, or editing it. There are three things that we need to make sure of:
That Rita cant read the text without permission
That Rita cant edit it in any way, without Eve and Adam knowing
That Even knows that Adam sent it
The first thing is to make sure Rita cant read the text. Adam does this by encrypting the message with Eves Pk2 which he has found on the server. You can only Encrypt with the Pk, not decrypt, so Rita won’t is able to read the data unless Eve has revealed her Sk2.

The second thing to make sure of is that Rite can’t edits the message. Adam creates a hash from the message he has created. The hash can be encrypted using Pk2 or sent as it is. When Eve gets the message, she decrypts it, and creates a hash herself, then checks if the hashes are the same – if they are, the message is the same, if it’s different, something has changed in the message. The Hash is very secure, and it is in theory impossible to make a change and get the hash to remain the same.

The third, and probably one of the most important things to ensure, is that Rita hasn’t grabbed the mail, made a

new one, and sent it in Adams’s name. We can ensure this by using the Public key and Private key too. The Sk can be

used both to encrypt and to decrypt, but Pk can only encrypt. When Adam normally sends a message M to Eve, he creates the encrypted message C by doing: C=Pk2(M). This means Adam uses Pk2 (Eves Pk) on message M to create message C

. Image this: Adam can encrypt the message with his Sk1 because it is impossible to derive Sk1 from the message,

this is secure and without any danger, as long as no one knows the password used to make Sk1. If the message M is encrypted with Sk1, he gets a message called X, Eve can decrypt the message using Pk1 which is public. If the

message decrypts to something that makes sense, then it must be from Adam, because Sk1 is considered a secret, and only Adam knows it.

The entire process looks like this when sending message C: Adam signs his digital signature on C, and hashes C: X=Sk1©. Then Adam encrypts the message for Eve: M=Pk2(X). The message is sent and looks all in all like this: M=Pk2(Sk1©). Rita can intercept M, but not decrypt, edit, or resend it. Eve receives M, and decrypts it: X=Sk2(M). Then she checks the digital signature: C=Pk1(X) and checks the Hash on the way.

This way, the PGP Public/Private key system ensures integrity and security of the document e-mail, but PGP is not the

only algorithm that uses the Public/Private key theory, Blowfish, and RSA are among the many other technologies

that use it, PGP is just the most popular for e-mail encryption, but many don’t trust it because of rumors of backdoors by the NSA (I don’t know if its true though). PGP comes in a commercial, and a freeware version for Windows, and is available for Linux as well. Whatever encryption you use, it will be better than none.

As we all work hard to become savvier about protecting our personal information and keeping as anonymous as possible on the web, advertising companies are working just as hard to come up with new ways of getting our personal information. One of the ways they accomplish this is through spyware.

Spyware is applications that are bundled along with many programs that you download for free. Their function is to gather personal information about you and relay it back to advertising firms. The information is then used either to offer you products or sold to other advertisers, so they can promote THEIR products. They claim this is all they do with this information, but the problem is nobody really knows for sure.

Spyware fits the classic definition of a trojan, as it is something that you did not bargain for+when you

agreed to download the product. Not only is spyware an invasion of your privacy, but (especially if you have

a few different kinds on your machine) it can also chew up bandwidth, making your internet connection slower.
Sometimes, these spies really are harmless, merely connecting back to the home server to deliver+you more

advertising. Some, like Gator, for instance, send out detailed information about your surfing habits, operating system, income, age demographic et cetera.

Avoiding spyware
Avoiding spyware is getting harder and harder, as more software distributors are choosing it as a method

of profiting from freeware and shareware distributions. Be leery of programs with cute+little icons like Gator.

Also, watch those Napster wannabes like AudioGalaxy, Limewire, and Kazaa. I’ve yet to find one that didn’t

include spyware. Before you download, check to see if the program is known to contain spyware.
For a list of the most known spyware, the best I’ve found is here:
Getting rid of spyware

In most cases, you can remove the spyware from your system and still use the application you downloaded. In the case of Gator and Comet Cursor, then whole program is spyware and it must be completely

removed to stop the spying.
There are several ways to get rid of spyware on your system. You can use a firewall to monitor outgoing connections. The programmers that put these things together, however, are getting

sneakier and sneakier about getting them to circumvent firewalls. Comet Cursor, for instance, uses a post command to connect without the intervention of a firewall. You can also install a registry monitor such as Regmon to monitor your registry for unwanted registry changes, but this is not foolproof either.
Probably the best method of removal is to download a spyware removal program and run it like it was a virus scanner. The best examples of these programs are:

Note: One sidenote on cleaning tracks. When you delete some files on your machine, these aren’t actually deleted. Only the reference to their location in the hard drive is deleted, which makes the OS think that that location on the HD is free and ready to take things. Thus, there are ways to recover data even after you delete them.

There are, however, several ways to _wipe_ this information. Programs that fill hard disk locations with zeros, then with 1s, on several passes are your best bet to make sure no document goes to the wrong hands. One of such programs is PGP. PHP now comes with a utility that does this work, and you can even select the number of passes to wipe files. For *nix, there is also the “wipe” program. Use these when you feel you have data that needs secure cleaning.

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